
I’ve just finished reading Willard Sterne Randall’s biography of Thomas Jefferson, creatively titled,
Thomas Jefferson: A Life.
I was shocked how much I did not know about Thomas Jefferson. For instance, in the first few chapters we learn all about his father, Peter Jefferson, who was renowned in western Virginia as an explorer and map-maker, a man who Thomas looked up to all his life (sadly, to the extent of neglecting his mother), despite his early death. And then there was Jefferson’s reading regime; I thought I was well read until I saw his plan:
From five o’clock until eight, he read ethics, religion, and natural law, such as Cicero and Locke, the sermons of Sterne and Massillion, and Vattel and Rayneval on natural law. From eight until noon he read law: Coke, Bacon, and Blackstone, among others. Blackstone, I remember, he was somewhat unimpressed by, and Coke he thought was utterly boring. And then after lunch came politics: Locke, Montesquieu, Malthus. Finally, in the late afternoon, reading of Greek and Roman history (in the original!) and histories of Europe, America, and Virginia. For thirteen years he did this!
The picture that emerges from
A Life is of a very passionate man, who controlled himself through study and reason, as befits a man of the Enlightenment. His relationships with his wife, his children (especially Patsy, his oldest daughter), and his slaves, not to mention his friends, consistently speak of a man who loved very deeply. After his wife died, he never remarried, although he did engage in one protracted affair with Maria Cosway, an Englishwoman he met in France while serving as American ambassador there. He never forgot her, either, corresponding with her until just days before his death. Of Sally Hemings, incidentally, biographer Randall brushed away the rumors rather impatiently, noting that she was all of 8 years old when Jefferson left Monticello for France, and 13 when she came to France with Jefferson’s daughter Polly. An illicit affair with her seems exceedingly unlikely. The rumors of such were principally fanned by James Callendar, one of the first of the muckraking American journalists.
One of the questions about Jefferson that Randall did not address to any great degree were the contradictions within his life, a problem first brought to my attention by David McCullough in his biography of John Adams. McCullough spent quite a bit of time discussing Jefferson, in his relationship with Adams, and concluded that Jefferson’s mind was capable of holding contradictory ideas, without even being aware that he was doing so. Randall did not address this side of Jefferson. He did suggest, however, that the distance between what his ideals suggested and what practical reality allowed frequently challenged Jefferson. On slavery, for example, Jefferson was completely opposed to the idea, yet was never able to find a workable solution to end it, despite decades of effort. And though he wished to free his slaves after his death, circumstances (namely, $107,000 in debt) prevented him from doing so.
Beyond everything else, what I remember and admire most about Jefferson, from this picture, is of a man who put tremendous effort into everything he did, who sought always to learn everything could be learned about each and every question that confronted him, and then worked to apply that into a workable solution. And he never stopped working and instituting: all his work on the University of Virginia was done after he was President. Indeed, he counted the university one of his crowning achievements, and did not even note his service as president, on the headstone that he himself wrote:
Here was buried
Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of American Independence
of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom
and Father of the University of Virginia.